Dr Wesley T Fraser BSc.(HONS), BSc., MSc., Ph.D, PCTHE, FHEA
Employment
Senior Lecturer in Physical Geography (0.9FTE) (September 2015 - present)
Oxford Brookes University
Module leader:
U21171, Atmosphere & Climate (3rd year (HONS))
U21189/91, Geography Dissertation (3rd year (HONS))
U21126, Geographical Enquiry & Field Research (2nd year, double module)
U21104, Introduction to Environmental Geography (1st year)
Lecturer in Physical Geography (0.9FTE) (September 2012 - September 2015)
Oxford Brookes University
Module leader:
U21171, Atmosphere & Climate (3rd year (HONS))
U21189/91, Geography Dissertation (3rd year (HONS))
U21126, Geographical Enquiry & Field Research (2nd year, double module)
U21104, Introduction to Environmental Geography (1st year)
Supervision duties:
Ongoing
Internal supervisor, PhD student: stone tool technology of Wadi Faynan.
External supervisor, PhD student: biochemistry of plants. Linked to NERC grant (NE/K005924/1)
2014-15
U21198, supervision of six undergraduate dissertations
U21126, supervision of two undergraduate fieldwork project groups
2013-14
U21198, supervision of seven undergraduate dissertations (2013-14)
U21126, supervision of three undergraduate fieldwork project groups (2013-14)
2012-13
U21126, supervision of three undergraduate fieldwork project groups (2012-13)
U21198, supervision of one undergraduate dissertation (2012-13)
U21185, supervision of one undergraduate independent study (2012-13)
Lecturer (0.1FTE) (September 2014 - present)
Environment, Earth & Ecosystems. The Open University.
Geophysical Processor (July 2012 - September 2012)
Bridgeporth Ltd.
Navigation, gravity and magnetic geophysical processor.
Visiting Research Fellow (April 2012-August 2012)
The Open University
Application of a UV proxy to a long-term sedimentary sequence.
Geophysical Surveyor (February 2012-March 2012)
Self-employed contractor
Conducted extensive gravity survey in Canada.
Research Associate (2009-2011)
University of Edinburgh
NERC funded project, "Methane emissions from vegetation".
Research Technician (2008-2009)
University of Oxford
EPSRC funded project, "Catastrophic decay of limestone walls".
Fieldwork Senior Demonstrator (2005-2011)
The Open University
Teaching of geological fieldwork skills to Open University undergraduates attending residential schools for 1-2 weeks each year.
Supply Teacher (2002-2003)
Select Education, Birmingham Office
Provided teaching cover across Birmingham in various subjects, specialising in science & mathematics.
Education
PCTHE (Postgraduate Certificate in Teaching in Higher Education)
Oxford Brookes University (2012-2014)
PhD.
The Open University (2004-2008)
NERC funded project, "Evaluation of spore wall chemistry as a novel biochemical proxy for UV-B radiation".
MSc. Climate Change
University of East Anglia (2003-2004)
BSc. Surveying for Resource Development
University of Glamorgan (2002-2003)
BSc. (HONS) Geology
University of Birmingham (1999-2002)
Funding, Awards & Prizes
• NERC-funded standard grant (NE/K005294/1): "500,000 years of solar irradiance, climate and vegetation changes". Co-Investigator providing expertise in organic geochemical analysis and understanding of a novel biochemical proxy for ultraviolet radiation.
• Royal Society-funded research grant (RG120535): "The inter- and intra-phylogenetic relationships of sporopollenin composition, and applicability to ultraviolet radiation reconstructions". Principle Investigator; project will investigate whether sporopollenin composition is uniform across widely spaced phylogenetic groups or not.
• NERC-CASE funded PhD. in collaboration with ThermoFisher Scientific (NERC/S/C/2004/13016)
• RCUK-China travel bursary to attend the "plants & climate change" workshop at the National Academy of Sciences (October 2008)
• EU transnational access programme (FP6) grant to conduct UV manipulation experiments and fieldwork in the Abisko Valley, Sweden (2006-2008)
Professional Activities
Geochemistry Group Geological Society of London/Mineralogical Society
Committee member, 2013-
Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, 2013-present
Publications
12) Mangalassery, S., Mooney, S.J., Sparkes, D.L., Fraser, W.T. & Sjögersten, S. (2015)
Impacts of zero tillage on soil enzyme activities, microbial characteristics and organic matter functional chemistry in temperate soils.
European Journal of Soil Biology 68, 9-17
doi: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.03.001
11) Fraser, W.T., Blei, E., Fry, S.C., Newman, M.F., Reay, D.S., Smith, K. & McLeod, A.R. (2015)
Emission of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other short-chain hydrocarbons from vegetation foliage under ultraviolet irradiation.
Plant, Cell & Environment
doi: 10.1111/pce.12489
10) Jardine, P.E., Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H. & Gosling, W.D. (in press)
The impact of oxidation on spore and pollen chemistry.
Journal of Micropalaeontology
9) Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H., Jardine, P.E., Gosling, W.D. & Sephton, M.A. (2014)
Pollen and spores as a passive monitor of ultraviolet radiation.
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, article 2.
doi: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00012
8) Fraser, W.T., Watson, J.S., Sephton, M.A., Lomax, B.H., Harrington, G., Gosling, W.D. & Self, S (2014)
Changes in spore chemistry and appearance with increasing maturity
Review of Palaebotany and Palynology 201, 41-46.
7) Lomax, B.H., Fraser, W.T., Harrington, G.J., Blackmore, S., Sephton, M.A. & Harris, N.B.W. (2012)
A novel palaeoaltimetry proxy based on spore and pollen wall chemistry.
Earth & Planetary Science Letters 353-354, 22-28.
6) Fraser, W.T., Scott, A.C., Forbes, A.E.S., Glasspool, I.J., Plotnick, R.E., Kenig, F. & Lomax, B.H. (2012)
Evolutionary stasis of sporopollenin biochemistry revealed by unaltered Carboniferous spores.
New Phytologist 196(2), 397-401.
5) Watson, J.S., Fraser, W.T. & Sephton, M.A. (2012)
Formation of a polyalkyl macromolecule from the hydrolysable component within sporopollenin during heating/pyrolysis experiments with Lycopodium spores.
Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis 95, 138-144.
4) Fraser, W.T., Sephton, M.A., Watson, J.S., Self, S., Lomax, B.H., James, D.I., Wellman, C.H., Callaghan, T.V. & Beerling, D.J. (2011)
UV-B absorbing pigments in spores: Biochemical responses to shade in a high-latitude birch forest and implications for sporopollenin-based proxies of past environmental change.
Polar Research 30, 8312.
3) Lomax, B.H., Fraser, W.T., Sephton, M.A., Callaghan, T.V., Self, S., Harfoot, M., Pyle, J.A., Wellman, C.H. & Beerling, D.J. (2008)
Plant spore walls as a record of long-term changes in ultraviolet-B radiation.
Nature Geoscience 1, 592-596.
2) Watson, J.S., Sephton, M.A., Sephton, S.V., Beerling, D.J., Self, S., Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H., Gilmour, I. & Wellman, C.H. (2007)
Rapid determination of spore chemistry using thermochemolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 6, 689-694.
1) Lindgren, P., Parnell, J., Norman, C., Mark, D.F., Baron, M., Ormö, J., Sturkell, E., Conliffe, J. & Fraser, W.T. (2007)
Formation of uranium-thorium-rich bitumen nodules in the Lockne impact structure, Sweden: A mechanism for carbon concentration at impact sites.
Meteoritics & Planetary Sciences 42(11), 1-8.
Conference abstracts
2014
Jardine, P.E., Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H. & Gosling, W.D.
Recovering sporopollenin chemical information from processed paynological samples. Linnean Society of London: Palynology 2014. 1 Burlington House London, UK (13 Nov).
Lomax, B.H., Fraser, W.T., Beerling, D.J., James, D.I., Pyle, J.A., Self, S., Sephton, M.A. & Welmman, C.H.
Episodic perturbations of end Permian atmosphere recorded in plant spore chemistry. Linnean Society of London: Palynology 2014. 1 Burlington House London, UK (13 Nov).
Fraser, W.T., Jardine, P.E., Foster, A., Lomax, B.H. & Gosling, W.D.
Towards a unified cross-taxa sporopollenin composition. Linnean Society of London: Palynology 2014. 1 Burlington House London, UK (13 Nov).
Lomax, B., Jardine, P., Fraser, W.T & Gosling, W.D.
Unlocking the potential of sporopollenin chemistry for palaeoproxy development. 9th European Palaeobotany Palynology Conference. Padova, Italy (26-31 Aug).
Jardine, P.E., Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H. & Gosling, W.D.
Sporopollenin chemistry as a long-term proxy for ultraviolet-B radiation flux. Goldschmidt. Sacrmento, California, USA (8-13 Jun).
Jardine, P.E., Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H. & Gosling, W.D.
Sporopollenin chemistry as a long-term proxy for ultraviolet-B radiation flux. The Micropalaeontology Society: Palynology in the Modelling World. University of Birmingham, UK (4 Jun).
Gosling, W.D., Montoya, E., Keen, H., Matthews-Bird, F., Jardine, P., Fraser, W.T. & Lomax, B.
Frontiers in tropical palaeoecology. Quaternary Research Association Annual Discussion Meeting: QRA@50. Royal Geographic Society, London, UK (7-9 Jan).
2012
Lomax, B.H., Fraser, W.T., Scott, A.C., Forbes, A.E.S., Glasspool, I.J., Plotnick, R.E. & Kenig, F.
Evolutionary stasis of sporopollenin chemistry revealed by unaltered Carboniferous spores.
IPC XIII / IOPC IX 2012, Tokyo, Japan.
Lomax, B.H., Fraser, W.T., Harrington, G.J., Blackmore, S., Sephton, M.A. & Harris, N.B.W.
A novel palaeoaltimetry proxy based on spore and pollen wall chemistry.
IPC XIII / IOPC IX 2012, Tokyo, Japan.
2011
Fraser, W.T., McLeod, A.R., Fry, S., Newman, M.F. & Reay, D.S.
UV-stimulated methane emissions from plants: methods, rates & global impact.
14th Congress of the European Society for Photobiology 2011, Geneva, Switzerland.
2010
McLeod, A.R., Bloom, A.A., Fraser, W.T., Lee-Taylor, J., Madronich, S., Messenger, D.J., Palmer, P.I. & Reay, D.S.
UV radiation and methane emission from plant foliage: using environmental simulation to evaluate its global significance.
Plant Research in the light of Climate Change workshop 2010, Munich, Germany.
2009
Fraser, W.T.
Tracking spore wall chemical changes using FTIR microspectroscopy
Thermo Scientific Molecular Spectroscopy User Meeting 2009, Stratford-upon-Avon, UK.
2008
Fraser, W.T.
Interactions between climate, vegetation and humans in the past. Positive futures? Population and Energy.
Milton Keynes Science Festival 2008, Milton Keynes, UK.
Fraser, W.T.
A summary of the impacts of UV-B on spore chemistry.
Nordic Ozone Group meeting 2008, Abisko, Sweden.
Tomkinson, T., Wolters, S.D., Hagermann, A., Fraser, W.T., Bohman, A.F., Sund, A.T., Hagene, J.K. & Grady, M.M.
WatSen - A miniaturised package to detect water on Mars.
Lunar & Planetary Science 34th meeting 2008, Houston, Texas, USA.
2007
Fraser, W.T., Sephton, M.A., Self, S. & Watson, J.S.
Spore chemistry as a proxy for volcanically-induced atmospheric perturbations.
International Union of Geodesy & Geophysics 2007, Perugia, Italy.
Fraser, W.T., Sharma, K. & Ellis, B.S.
In-situ determinatino of volatile content of volcanic glass using reflectance-micro-FTIR.
International Union of Geodesy & Geophysics 2007, Perugia, Italy.
2006
Fraser, W.T., Sephton, M.A., Self, S., Lomax, B.H., Beerling, D.J., James, D.I. & Wellman, C.H.
Do plants wear sun-block?
British Organic Geochemical Society meeting 2006. The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
Senior Lecturer in Physical Geography (0.9FTE) (September 2015 - present)
Oxford Brookes University
Module leader:
U21171, Atmosphere & Climate (3rd year (HONS))
U21189/91, Geography Dissertation (3rd year (HONS))
U21126, Geographical Enquiry & Field Research (2nd year, double module)
U21104, Introduction to Environmental Geography (1st year)
Lecturer in Physical Geography (0.9FTE) (September 2012 - September 2015)
Oxford Brookes University
Module leader:
U21171, Atmosphere & Climate (3rd year (HONS))
U21189/91, Geography Dissertation (3rd year (HONS))
U21126, Geographical Enquiry & Field Research (2nd year, double module)
U21104, Introduction to Environmental Geography (1st year)
Supervision duties:
Ongoing
Internal supervisor, PhD student: stone tool technology of Wadi Faynan.
External supervisor, PhD student: biochemistry of plants. Linked to NERC grant (NE/K005924/1)
2014-15
U21198, supervision of six undergraduate dissertations
U21126, supervision of two undergraduate fieldwork project groups
2013-14
U21198, supervision of seven undergraduate dissertations (2013-14)
U21126, supervision of three undergraduate fieldwork project groups (2013-14)
2012-13
U21126, supervision of three undergraduate fieldwork project groups (2012-13)
U21198, supervision of one undergraduate dissertation (2012-13)
U21185, supervision of one undergraduate independent study (2012-13)
Lecturer (0.1FTE) (September 2014 - present)
Environment, Earth & Ecosystems. The Open University.
Geophysical Processor (July 2012 - September 2012)
Bridgeporth Ltd.
Navigation, gravity and magnetic geophysical processor.
Visiting Research Fellow (April 2012-August 2012)
The Open University
Application of a UV proxy to a long-term sedimentary sequence.
Geophysical Surveyor (February 2012-March 2012)
Self-employed contractor
Conducted extensive gravity survey in Canada.
Research Associate (2009-2011)
University of Edinburgh
NERC funded project, "Methane emissions from vegetation".
Research Technician (2008-2009)
University of Oxford
EPSRC funded project, "Catastrophic decay of limestone walls".
Fieldwork Senior Demonstrator (2005-2011)
The Open University
Teaching of geological fieldwork skills to Open University undergraduates attending residential schools for 1-2 weeks each year.
Supply Teacher (2002-2003)
Select Education, Birmingham Office
Provided teaching cover across Birmingham in various subjects, specialising in science & mathematics.
Education
PCTHE (Postgraduate Certificate in Teaching in Higher Education)
Oxford Brookes University (2012-2014)
PhD.
The Open University (2004-2008)
NERC funded project, "Evaluation of spore wall chemistry as a novel biochemical proxy for UV-B radiation".
MSc. Climate Change
University of East Anglia (2003-2004)
BSc. Surveying for Resource Development
University of Glamorgan (2002-2003)
BSc. (HONS) Geology
University of Birmingham (1999-2002)
Funding, Awards & Prizes
• NERC-funded standard grant (NE/K005294/1): "500,000 years of solar irradiance, climate and vegetation changes". Co-Investigator providing expertise in organic geochemical analysis and understanding of a novel biochemical proxy for ultraviolet radiation.
• Royal Society-funded research grant (RG120535): "The inter- and intra-phylogenetic relationships of sporopollenin composition, and applicability to ultraviolet radiation reconstructions". Principle Investigator; project will investigate whether sporopollenin composition is uniform across widely spaced phylogenetic groups or not.
• NERC-CASE funded PhD. in collaboration with ThermoFisher Scientific (NERC/S/C/2004/13016)
• RCUK-China travel bursary to attend the "plants & climate change" workshop at the National Academy of Sciences (October 2008)
• EU transnational access programme (FP6) grant to conduct UV manipulation experiments and fieldwork in the Abisko Valley, Sweden (2006-2008)
Professional Activities
Geochemistry Group Geological Society of London/Mineralogical Society
Committee member, 2013-
Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, 2013-present
Publications
12) Mangalassery, S., Mooney, S.J., Sparkes, D.L., Fraser, W.T. & Sjögersten, S. (2015)
Impacts of zero tillage on soil enzyme activities, microbial characteristics and organic matter functional chemistry in temperate soils.
European Journal of Soil Biology 68, 9-17
doi: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.03.001
11) Fraser, W.T., Blei, E., Fry, S.C., Newman, M.F., Reay, D.S., Smith, K. & McLeod, A.R. (2015)
Emission of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other short-chain hydrocarbons from vegetation foliage under ultraviolet irradiation.
Plant, Cell & Environment
doi: 10.1111/pce.12489
10) Jardine, P.E., Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H. & Gosling, W.D. (in press)
The impact of oxidation on spore and pollen chemistry.
Journal of Micropalaeontology
9) Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H., Jardine, P.E., Gosling, W.D. & Sephton, M.A. (2014)
Pollen and spores as a passive monitor of ultraviolet radiation.
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, article 2.
doi: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00012
8) Fraser, W.T., Watson, J.S., Sephton, M.A., Lomax, B.H., Harrington, G., Gosling, W.D. & Self, S (2014)
Changes in spore chemistry and appearance with increasing maturity
Review of Palaebotany and Palynology 201, 41-46.
7) Lomax, B.H., Fraser, W.T., Harrington, G.J., Blackmore, S., Sephton, M.A. & Harris, N.B.W. (2012)
A novel palaeoaltimetry proxy based on spore and pollen wall chemistry.
Earth & Planetary Science Letters 353-354, 22-28.
6) Fraser, W.T., Scott, A.C., Forbes, A.E.S., Glasspool, I.J., Plotnick, R.E., Kenig, F. & Lomax, B.H. (2012)
Evolutionary stasis of sporopollenin biochemistry revealed by unaltered Carboniferous spores.
New Phytologist 196(2), 397-401.
5) Watson, J.S., Fraser, W.T. & Sephton, M.A. (2012)
Formation of a polyalkyl macromolecule from the hydrolysable component within sporopollenin during heating/pyrolysis experiments with Lycopodium spores.
Journal of Analytical & Applied Pyrolysis 95, 138-144.
4) Fraser, W.T., Sephton, M.A., Watson, J.S., Self, S., Lomax, B.H., James, D.I., Wellman, C.H., Callaghan, T.V. & Beerling, D.J. (2011)
UV-B absorbing pigments in spores: Biochemical responses to shade in a high-latitude birch forest and implications for sporopollenin-based proxies of past environmental change.
Polar Research 30, 8312.
3) Lomax, B.H., Fraser, W.T., Sephton, M.A., Callaghan, T.V., Self, S., Harfoot, M., Pyle, J.A., Wellman, C.H. & Beerling, D.J. (2008)
Plant spore walls as a record of long-term changes in ultraviolet-B radiation.
Nature Geoscience 1, 592-596.
2) Watson, J.S., Sephton, M.A., Sephton, S.V., Beerling, D.J., Self, S., Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H., Gilmour, I. & Wellman, C.H. (2007)
Rapid determination of spore chemistry using thermochemolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 6, 689-694.
1) Lindgren, P., Parnell, J., Norman, C., Mark, D.F., Baron, M., Ormö, J., Sturkell, E., Conliffe, J. & Fraser, W.T. (2007)
Formation of uranium-thorium-rich bitumen nodules in the Lockne impact structure, Sweden: A mechanism for carbon concentration at impact sites.
Meteoritics & Planetary Sciences 42(11), 1-8.
Conference abstracts
2014
Jardine, P.E., Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H. & Gosling, W.D.
Recovering sporopollenin chemical information from processed paynological samples. Linnean Society of London: Palynology 2014. 1 Burlington House London, UK (13 Nov).
Lomax, B.H., Fraser, W.T., Beerling, D.J., James, D.I., Pyle, J.A., Self, S., Sephton, M.A. & Welmman, C.H.
Episodic perturbations of end Permian atmosphere recorded in plant spore chemistry. Linnean Society of London: Palynology 2014. 1 Burlington House London, UK (13 Nov).
Fraser, W.T., Jardine, P.E., Foster, A., Lomax, B.H. & Gosling, W.D.
Towards a unified cross-taxa sporopollenin composition. Linnean Society of London: Palynology 2014. 1 Burlington House London, UK (13 Nov).
Lomax, B., Jardine, P., Fraser, W.T & Gosling, W.D.
Unlocking the potential of sporopollenin chemistry for palaeoproxy development. 9th European Palaeobotany Palynology Conference. Padova, Italy (26-31 Aug).
Jardine, P.E., Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H. & Gosling, W.D.
Sporopollenin chemistry as a long-term proxy for ultraviolet-B radiation flux. Goldschmidt. Sacrmento, California, USA (8-13 Jun).
Jardine, P.E., Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H. & Gosling, W.D.
Sporopollenin chemistry as a long-term proxy for ultraviolet-B radiation flux. The Micropalaeontology Society: Palynology in the Modelling World. University of Birmingham, UK (4 Jun).
Gosling, W.D., Montoya, E., Keen, H., Matthews-Bird, F., Jardine, P., Fraser, W.T. & Lomax, B.
Frontiers in tropical palaeoecology. Quaternary Research Association Annual Discussion Meeting: QRA@50. Royal Geographic Society, London, UK (7-9 Jan).
2012
Lomax, B.H., Fraser, W.T., Scott, A.C., Forbes, A.E.S., Glasspool, I.J., Plotnick, R.E. & Kenig, F.
Evolutionary stasis of sporopollenin chemistry revealed by unaltered Carboniferous spores.
IPC XIII / IOPC IX 2012, Tokyo, Japan.
Lomax, B.H., Fraser, W.T., Harrington, G.J., Blackmore, S., Sephton, M.A. & Harris, N.B.W.
A novel palaeoaltimetry proxy based on spore and pollen wall chemistry.
IPC XIII / IOPC IX 2012, Tokyo, Japan.
2011
Fraser, W.T., McLeod, A.R., Fry, S., Newman, M.F. & Reay, D.S.
UV-stimulated methane emissions from plants: methods, rates & global impact.
14th Congress of the European Society for Photobiology 2011, Geneva, Switzerland.
2010
McLeod, A.R., Bloom, A.A., Fraser, W.T., Lee-Taylor, J., Madronich, S., Messenger, D.J., Palmer, P.I. & Reay, D.S.
UV radiation and methane emission from plant foliage: using environmental simulation to evaluate its global significance.
Plant Research in the light of Climate Change workshop 2010, Munich, Germany.
2009
Fraser, W.T.
Tracking spore wall chemical changes using FTIR microspectroscopy
Thermo Scientific Molecular Spectroscopy User Meeting 2009, Stratford-upon-Avon, UK.
2008
Fraser, W.T.
Interactions between climate, vegetation and humans in the past. Positive futures? Population and Energy.
Milton Keynes Science Festival 2008, Milton Keynes, UK.
Fraser, W.T.
A summary of the impacts of UV-B on spore chemistry.
Nordic Ozone Group meeting 2008, Abisko, Sweden.
Tomkinson, T., Wolters, S.D., Hagermann, A., Fraser, W.T., Bohman, A.F., Sund, A.T., Hagene, J.K. & Grady, M.M.
WatSen - A miniaturised package to detect water on Mars.
Lunar & Planetary Science 34th meeting 2008, Houston, Texas, USA.
2007
Fraser, W.T., Sephton, M.A., Self, S. & Watson, J.S.
Spore chemistry as a proxy for volcanically-induced atmospheric perturbations.
International Union of Geodesy & Geophysics 2007, Perugia, Italy.
Fraser, W.T., Sharma, K. & Ellis, B.S.
In-situ determinatino of volatile content of volcanic glass using reflectance-micro-FTIR.
International Union of Geodesy & Geophysics 2007, Perugia, Italy.
2006
Fraser, W.T., Sephton, M.A., Self, S., Lomax, B.H., Beerling, D.J., James, D.I. & Wellman, C.H.
Do plants wear sun-block?
British Organic Geochemical Society meeting 2006. The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.